The convergence of science and technology is leading to groundbreaking developments in neuroscience. Brain-computer interfaces, once a subject of science fiction, are becoming a tangible reality: these innovations promise today to offer solutions for neurological diseases, and tomorrow to enhance our cognitive abilities, starting with memory.
As with any great advance, brain-computer interfaces will also raise huge ethical and moral questions. It is essential to consider the implications of these technologies and their impact on our identity and society.
Brain-computer interfaces: new frontiers of memory
Brain-computer interfaces are devices that allow direct communication between the brain and external devices, such as computers or prosthetics. With growing investments in Research and Development, there are several cutting-edge companies that they are preparing for human trials.
The research, in its first application phase, will aim to demonstrate and refine the potential of these interfaces in treating various pathologies such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and depression.
Beyond therapy: enhancing memory (and facing new dangers on the horizon)
Although the immediate use of these technologies is for the treatment of medical conditions, as mentioned they also offer the possibility of accessing information quickly and widely. The field not only aims to support patients' recovery, but also to enhance existing cognitive functions. Along the way towards the goal of "super memory", however, there is a dense forest of ethical and social questions.
I identify at least three:
Consent and autonomy. How do we ensure that individuals fully understand the potential risks and benefits of directly interfacing a machine with their brain? This is particularly relevant when considering patients with serious neurological conditions seeking treatment.
Cognitive equity. Those who can afford these technologies may have cognitive advantages over those who cannot. How to ensure fair access and prevent a scenario where enhanced memory (or knowledge) is only available to the privileged?
Identity and humanity. If our memories and learning processes can be enhanced or manipulated, what does this mean for human identity and our sense of self?
The future of memory
We now know that brain-computer interfaces have the potential to restore or enhance the way our brains form and access memories. Recent studies found evidence that supports the idea that both non-invasive and invasive interfaces could enhance the human ability to memorize.
Techniques like the Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and the Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (TES) show big promises.
Which way are we going? Neuroprostheses and devices that can be implanted in the brain to improve its function. Concepts that are gaining more and more attention thanks to companies like Neuralink e Blackrock Neurotech. Recent studies on the functioning of the hippocampus show that machine learning techniques could encode and decode neural signals, paving the way for enhanced memory and learning processes.
The 'enhanced' world
The hippocampus, a small seahorse-shaped structure in the brain, has long fascinated scientists and researchers for its crucial role in the formation of memories. This region of the brain is critical to our ability to learn and store new information.
Recent studies have explored how the hippocampus encodes and stores memories, offering valuable insights into potential applications of brain-computer interfaces. For example, the hippocampus has been found to play a key role in processing spatial memories, allowing us to navigate our environment.
But its importance doesn't stop there. Research has shown that damage or dysfunction in the hippocampus can lead to severe memory deficits, as is the case with Alzheimer's disease. With the advent of neuroprosthetics and brain-computer interfaces, there is hope that we can one day “repair” or enhance the hippocampus, offering innovative solutions to memory and learning challenges.
Just twenty years ago, tablets had a place only in movies. Now that the horizon has shifted, we are confronted with the potential of brain-computer interfaces.
On the threshold of this new era, it is imperative for society to actively participate in the conversation and shape the future development of this technology, because it can bring both wonders and horrors.
