For Lower Paleolithic archaeology, this is a great coup. Experts have made an exceptional discovery: 98 elephant bone tools at a site dating back around 400.000 years. This discovery could change the way we think about how some early humans, like Neanderthals, created tools like these.
The discovery of these bone tools was made in Castel of Guido, a location near Rome. In the dark and distant past, Castel di Guido was a very popular place for the now extinct straight-tusked elephant (palaeoloxodon antiquus), and a considerable number of animals died there.
This newly identified collection of tools shows that the ancient hominins of Castel di Guido did not waste bones. Far from it. The discovery shows that they created a real production line, with methods that have never been associated with that historical period.
“There are also other sites with bone tools of this type,” says the archaeologist Paola Villa, from the University of Colorado Boulder. “But there isn't this variety of well-defined shapes. At Castel di Guido, humans broke the long bones of elephants in a standardized way to make bone tools. This kind of attitude didn't become common until much later."
Castel di Guido, a bone instrument factory
Based on evidence gathered from other sites, early humans usually limited themselves to using whatever bone fragment available, without refining or adapting it, but in Castel di Guido it was different.
The technique they used is known as percussion flaking, or chipping of bone fragments with a separate tool to create specific tools. At that time, stone tools were more widespread, so the discovery of these bones was surprising for archaeologists.
This discovery does not imply that ancient humans at Castel di Guido were particularly “intelligent,” the researchers note. The explanation could simply be that they had far more elephant bones to work with than other groups and less access to large pieces of natural flint to make stone tools.
Tools of all kinds
The tools they produced included those that may have been used to cut meat, as well as wedges that could have been used to create a lever to break large bones such as elephant thighs.
One of the most interesting tools of this discovery is the so-called lissoir: a bone long and smooth at one end, which would have been used to treat hides. These types of tools didn't become common until about 300.000 years ago.
Should history be rewritten after this discovery?
Given the diversity of the types of tools here and the techniques used to create them, the discovery is sensational. Archaeologists may need to recalibrate timelines to review when these tools and their production methods were originally developed.
For now, though, this looks like an isolated snapshot of bone-making technology. We'll see if other examples are found.
The research was published on PLOS One.
